At present, it is not known what directs the inflammation towards the CNS and not to other organs. Once in the brain they can trigger inflammatory processes by activating microglia and astrocytes and pave the way to specific chronic neurodegenerative diseases. The persistence of CSI may allow the pro-inflammatory molecules to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and invade the CNS. Recent evidence suggests that CSI may in turn result from a persistent intestinal inflammation spreading through the intestinal barrier, so as to cause a systemic inflammatory and immune response. As for the chronic neuroinflammatory diseases, in most cases, the neuroinflammatory state does not originate in the central nervous system (CNS), but is thought to come from a chronic systemic inflammation (CSI). If the cause of inflammation persists, the inflammation also persists, usually with low intensity, and is called low-grade chronic inflammation. It occurs in response to the presence of foreign material ( non-self), or as a consequence of tissue damage caused by physical, chemical or biological agents, or by abnormalities such as the failure to eliminate waste or digest nutrients. Inflammation is an innate, non-specific defense process. Understanding the cooperation between microbiota and undigested food in inflammatory diseases may clarify organ specificity, allow the setting up of adequate experimental models of disease and develop targeted dietary interventions.Ĭhronic neurodegenerative diseases have a chronic inflammatory basis in common.įighting the inflammatory processes that underlie these diseases may reduce their progression and their severity. This applies to the brain and neuroinflammatory diseases, as to other organs and other diseases, including cancer. We suggest that what determines the organ specificity of the autoimmune-inflammatory process may depend on food antigens resembling proteins of the organ being attacked. Opening of the blood-brain barrier may trigger microglia and astrocytes and set up neuroinflammation. The efflux of undigested food, microbes, endotoxins, as well as immune-competent cells and molecules, causes chronic systemic inflammation. Gut dysbiosis, as a consequence of Western diets, leads to intestinal inflammation and a leaky intestinal barrier. What and how much we eat shape the composition of gut microbiota. To avoid the efflux of undigested food from the lumen, the intestinal barrier must remain intact. Therefore, it is at the same time foreign to us ( non-self), if not yet digested, and like us ( self), after its complete digestion. Food is living matter different from us, but made of our own nature. As food is an active subject and may have anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory effects, dietary habits may modulate the low-grade neuroinflammation associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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